( ).

:
( , , , ).
:
( , , )


1. :
: .
(PVC ): , , .
: .
: .
: .

2. :
: .
: , .
66 :
: .
: .
( ) ()

poly () mer ɡ polymer

.

()

.


"pitch" "resin"

" gum" "rubber" .











.











.









:
- () polymer

(macromolecule)

( 10,000 10

).



(covalent bond ).

- ( ) Monomer









.

:-




n CH2=CH2 [CH2-CH2]-n


() ()





- structural repeating unit




( )

.



- Degree of polymerization


Repeating Unit

Structural Unit

,

Degree Of Polymerization Dp Xn





= X Dp .


Polymer Sources
:-

1- Natural Polymers








:

Protein ) ) ( Cellulose ) .

2- Synthetic Polymer


Plastics) ) Rubber) ) (Synthetic

Leather ) Nylons) ) (Polyesters )

(dyes ) .




1975

75%

.





.



.



() .

:-
1- Ellastomers (Rubber) .
2- Plastics (elastic)

.

3- Synthetic Fibers

.


-

:

/ :



C=C



.




() ( Free radical)

( ) ( ) .



/ :-


()


.

:


1- :



.

2- :




( ).




.

3- :



.

4- ( ) : Elastomers





500 100 %





.

5- : Fibers





(10-50%)





.

- :

1- :




.

2- :Physical properties of polymers











.

( )

.







.





" "

.



( )

.



.